Processing Figurative Language in a
Multi-Lingual Task:
Translation, Transfer and Metaphor
Ayse Pinar Saygin
Department of Cognitive Science
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, CA 92093-0515
One of the active areas in modern cognitive science and linguistics is
the study of metaphor. Recent research on metaphor has emphasized the
psychological aspects of metaphor as well as social, cultural and linguistic
ones (e.g., Lakoff & Johnson,
1980; Murphy, 1997; Verbrugge, 1984). Although more work needs to be done, cross-cultural
and cross-linguistic studies of metaphor and other figurative aspects of
language have also received attention (Buchowski,
1996; Souto Silva, 2000; Van Brabant, 1986).
This paper studies metaphor comprehension and production in a
multi-lingual setting using a translation task. The outcome examined is
linguistic transfer (see, Gass,
1996; Jones & Tetroe, 1987; Ritchie & Bhatia, 1996). There are few articles focusing on semantic,
pragmatic and figurative aspects of second language comprehension and
production (Francis, 1996; Kirstein,
1972; Opoku, 1987; Souto Silva, 2000). Translation of metaphors across languages has been
studied within the context of poetry, literature and religion, but a processing
account has not been provided. Linguistic transfer of figurative aspects of
language is clearly an area open for further exploration.
Ten native
speakers of Turkish, aged 21-31, participated in this study. These subjects
were chosen to represent native speakers of Turkish (henceforth L1) who are
competent enough in English (their second language, henceforth L2) for the
purposes of the translation task. None were bilingual and none had professional
translation experience or training. The sentences for translation were taken
from a text on “Istanbul’s Coffee Houses” originally written in Turkish
and translated professionally into
English. These texts are taken from Turkish Airlines’ Skylife magazine.
10 pairs of sentences were chosen from the texts. Two stimuli sets were
composed by dividing up the pairs of sentences so that each set contained 5
Turkish, 5 English sentences. Each subject was randomly assigned to one of the
stimulus sets. Therefore, each subject translated 5 sentences from English to
Turkish and 5 from English to Turkish.
Analysis was
carried out to measure, across items and across the two target languages,
whether there was transfer of metaphors during translation. In doing so, the
availability of the metaphor in the target language was taken into
consideration. The results indicate that there was a significant amount of
transfer while subjects translated from their L2 to their L1, namely from
English to Turkish (p<0.005).
In our native
language, we are capable of understanding the meanings of metaphorical
utterances effortlessly. In most cases, we do not even have to consciously
process the underlying metaphors; the surface form seems to be translated into
meaning almost instantly. However, priming and sentence processing research
indicates that multiple interpretations are often activated even though it is
clear from the context which meaning is intended. Therefore during translation,
upon encountering a metaphorical usage, both the underlying metaphor and the
literal meaning are likely to be active. Given that processing is faster and
more robust in the native language, in L1, the activation caused by the literal
meaning is likely to be much smaller and to “die out” quickly. Thus, the
priming effect of the literal meaning will be much bigger for a translation
into L1 than for a translation into L2. We must also note the differences in
production between L1 and L2. Naturally, people are able to use their native
language more comfortably than they use their L2. In particular, in composing
sentences in L2 it is conceivable that they may be less confident that a
metaphorical usage is appropriate in that language, even though, conceptually,
they might have the metaphor available to them. In L1, however, they should be
able to make use of conceptual metaphors in their linguistic output.
Given this
context, an activation-based account is provided to explain the outcome of the
study: When translation is from L1 to L2, we may assume that subjects have a
good understanding of the original sentence. Now, their task is to explain the
meaning in L2. Since subjects’ sentence production in L2 is not as comfortable
as it is in their L1, they may choose to provide the meaning of the sentence
using a literal and rather direct style. Given a solid understanding of the
underlying meaning of the sentence to be translated, and the assumption that
the literal meaning of the original metaphor is not significantly active,
producing a sentence that has metaphorical usages in it will put more effort on
the production system. The path of least resistance is to ‘take it from there’
and not add stylistic elements to it.
Metaphor
transfer occurs significantly while translating from L2 to L1. A similar
activation-based explanation can be made for this. For metaphors that were
provided originally in L2, we hypothesized that the literal meaning could still
be priming the translation. In comprehending L2, people presumably make use of
all the cues they can get. The underlying metaphor can aid comprehension,
especially if a similar metaphor exists in L1. This can partly explain metaphor
transfer from L2 to L1. Moreover, the priming caused by the literal meaning of
the metaphor can activate related concepts in L1. The activated literal
meanings in L1 can in turn, activate related metaphors in L1, which may both
aid production and facilitate, or even cause, the comprehension of the original
metaphor. Even if the original metaphor does not have a counterpart in the
second language, the literal meanings can activate related concepts and this
might give rise to “analogy making on the fly”, which might, in turn, activate
some metaphorical usage in L1.
As can be
seen, within the framework of an activation-based theory, we can account for
both lack of transfer from L1 to L2 and the transfer from L2 to L1. In fact,
what might be happening could be complex and dynamic patterns of activation,
rather a unidirectional transfer from one language to another.
The study
presented here indicates that work on metaphor in multi-lingual environments
and tasks can shed more light on theories of figurative language processing, as
well as of bilingualism and second language learning. In previous research, cross-linguistic
studies of metaphor have mostly been carried out within the context of
sociological linguistics, metaphor theory, or machine translation. Looking at
the processing of metaphors in
multi-lingual environments is an area calling for further attention.
References:
Istanbul’s
Coffee Houses, by Nevin Sungur, Skylife, February 1999. http://www.thy.com.tr/skylife/0299/s5.htm
Istanbul’un
Kahvehaneleri, by Nevin Sungur, Skylife, February 1999. http://www.thy.com.tr/tskylife/0299/s5.htm
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